Abstract. Auroras, typically associated with polar regions, are spectacular manifestations of solar wind-magnetosphere interactions. However, under extreme solar conditions, these luminous displays can extend to mid- and low-latitudes, offering unique opportunities to study the Sun-Earth connection. This study examines the solar wind and geomagnetic storm conditions associated with rare low-latitude aurora or aurora-like optical emissions observed over India. We analysed recent visual observations, particularly from Hanle in Ladakh. Our methodology integrates historical records along with recent observations, ground-based imaging, and its relationship with geomagnetic indices such as K_p, Dst, and solar wind parameters to assess the geophysical conditions that facilitate low-latitude auroral visibility. Historical auroras, such as the one witnessed in Mumbai during the severe geomagnetic storm of February 1872, underscore the profound influence of extreme solar activity. Recent sightings during solar cycle 25, notably on 23 April 2023, 5 November 2023, 10 May 2024, 10 October 2024, and 1 January 2025 (according to UT), reveal a resurgence of such phenomena, often marked by vivid red auroras across northern India. These events were primarily driven by intense CMEs and solar flares, leading to significant magnetospheric disturbances. Our findings contribute to a refined understanding of low-latitude auroral processes, emphasize the need for continuous solar monitoring, and support the development of regional space weather forecasting models tailored to the Indian subcontinent.

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